Suitable additives for vegetable oil‐based automotive shock absorber fluids: an overview

Formulation of a cost‐effective, high‐performance and eco‐friendly lubricant, largely depends on the base oil quality, then the selection of suitable additives and their proportions. Vegetable oils, identified to be eco‐friendly, renewable, future‐available and cost‐effective treasures for lubricant formulation, apart from processing, will rely much on suitable additives to meet the performance requirements for automotive shock absorber (ASA) fluids. Additives that will guarantee performance, longevity and eco‐friendliness of formulated vegetable‐based functional fluids have to be uncommonly effective, resistant to depletion, non‐toxic and highly biodegradable. Their selection in these regards will require skills and experience, which will harness the various arms of synergism as effective tools to succour the known weaknesses of the base oil. This is a review on additives that could be used in formulation of vegetable oil‐based (ASA) fluids. The outcome shows that there are customary and novel additives that are suitable for formulating vegetable oil‐based ASA fluids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

居家适老环境建设之环境适老性评估

本文结合真实案例具体阐述居家环境适老性评估的四方面内容:正确认识老年人身体心理特点和需求,理解老年人需要什么样的适老化环境,掌握居家环境适老性评估原则和内容要点,在评估的基础上和每个老人家庭共同制定解决方案。     

植物油基润滑油添加剂的制备及其摩擦学性能

采用菜籽油与亚磷酸二正丁酯为原料通过自由基加成反应制备了环境友好植物油基润滑油添加剂(PRO)。利用四球试验与SRV微动摩擦磨损试验对比了PRO与磷酸三甲酚酯(TCP)在饱和多元醇酯基础油(3970)中的减摩、抗磨以及极压性能。结果表明,PRO在不同的载荷、浓度、温度等条件下的摩擦学性能均明显优于TCP。PRO优异的摩擦学特性主要得益于其在摩擦过程与金属表面发生摩擦化学反应,生成含有Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeP与FePO4的边界润滑薄膜,从而起到极压、抗磨的作用。     

Evaluating application potentiality of unconventional fluids for grinding Ti-6Al-4V using alumina wheel

Conventional metalworking fluids carry an acute threat to the environment as these produce a hazardous ambiance. Furthermore, due to their excessive use and imprudent disposal, the risk of environmental pollution exaggerates. The present article is aimed at finding some alternative potential coolants to be applied in small quantity lubrication (SQL) mode for grinding of difficult-to-machine (DTM) material, titanium alloys, which could effectively replace the conventional metalworking fluids while ensuring minimal waste of the coolant. Three unconventional environmentally safe coolants viz. alkaline soap water, sodium nitrite, and propylene glycol are applied in SQL mode while grinding Ti-6Al-4V. Comparative performance analyses of these cutting fluids have been adjudicated, considering responses of force required for material removal, substrate roughness, grinding ratio, and SEM micrographs of chips and ground surface. The results reveal that the environment-friendly unconventional fluids perform better than the conventional Blasocut fluid and the most satisfactory operations are observed under propylene glycol environment on the basis of the relevant parameters and operating range considered herein.     

弱相互作用调控表面活性剂自组装(Ⅲ)——响应性表面活性剂

天然的或合成的两亲分子(表面活性剂)可以自组装形成多尺度的聚集体结构,比如胶束、囊泡、液晶和纤维等。在表面活性剂中引入功能性基团,借助外界环境(比如光、温度、pH、CO2、磁等)的改变可以实现对表面活性剂的聚集方式的调控。本文主要介绍响应性表面活性剂的种类、结构以及环境刺激与响应性能之间的关系。     

Complementing retrofit with engagement: exploring energy consumption with social housing tenants

Councils and social housing organisations are looking to retrofit as a way to make their housing more energy efficient. Previous studies on energy use in social housing have generally focussed on the technological aspects (such as the potential savings possible by retrofitting this class of housing across the UK) or have involved one‐off interventions or measures. During a 2‐year period, we worked with previously homeless people to reduce their energy consumption. The 32 participants lived in small blocks of flats (owned by a social housing organisation) that underwent retrofitting with air source heat pumps. We ran a three‐phase tenant engagement programme to compare a range of approaches aimed at energy reduction. It was found that education, social norms and self‐awareness are all key components when it comes to initiating environmentally responsible behaviours. The three approaches complemented each other, and these ought to be considered alongside technology provision if the aim is to reduce energy consumption. A number of reflections on the implementation of medium‐term tenant engagement programmes are also presented. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

包装减量化现状及思考

包装减量化是实现绿色包装的重要途径。论文分析了国内外包装减量化状况,列举了薄壁化技术、包装层数和包装体积减量化、包装材料结构优化设计、材料选配轻量化、化零为整集装化等几种可实现包装减量化的方法,并提出减量需与资源循环利用相平衡,应利用高新技术和法律手段共同促进减量化的发展。     

生命周期评价在整体包装解决方案中的应用

论述了包装生命周期评价的实施步骤和过程,为整体包装解决方案提供依据。在分析整体包装解决方案设计开发和生命周期分析的基础上,总结了方案设计应遵循的包装总成本最低、包装减量化和无毒无害、包装可重复利用或回收再生原则,提出方案设计应满足现代绿色物流和绿色包装制度对包装的要求及节能环保和低碳经济的要求。     

环保型金属清洗剂的研制及其清洗效果

研制环保型水基金属清洗剂是水基清洗剂的发展方向。为此,选择了几种具有高效生物降解性的表面活性剂,并将其复配,采用表面张力测定及称重法考察了单一型及复配型体系对金属清洗的效果及效率。结果显示：清洗剂配方为m[APGC8-10（烷基糖苷）]：m[AEO-9（C12脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚）]=1：1,浓度为3g／L,以Na2CO3...     

低碳时代的包装设计

分析了低碳包装设计的目标,探讨了低碳包装的5R原则,即减少材料使用、再次使用、再循环处理、获得新价值和节约能源。在此基础上,提出低碳包装设计应从选择低碳包装材料、设计低碳化的包装装潢设计和包装结构设计,使用环保油墨和绿色印刷技术以及建立配套的绿色物流体系等方面着手,以实现包装生命周期的整体低碳化,达到产品包装在设计创意、经济效益和环境保护上的统一。